Cognitive radio network in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET): a survey

Cognitive radio network and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) are recent emerging concepts in wireless networking. Cognitive radio network obtains knowledge of its operational geographical environment to manage sharing of spectrum between primary and secondary users, while VANET shares emergency safety messages among vehicles to ensure safety of users on the road. Cognitive radio network is employed in VANET to ensure the efficient use of spectrum, as well as to support VANET’s deployment. Random increase and decrease of spectrum users, unpredictable nature of VANET, high mobility, varying interference, security, packet scheduling, and priority assignment are the challenges encountered in a typical cognitive VANET environment. This paper provides survey and critical analysis on different challenges of cognitive radio VANET, with discussion on the open issues, challenges, and performance metrics for different cognitive radio VANET applications

Simulated potential along the array and currents per electrode of the CI for the different stimulation strategies.

<p>The current graphs on the bottom of the figure represent the currents from which the potentials are calculated for each stimulation method. The currents are based on the same current vector for each stimulation method. Then the currents are compensated with the compensation methods to acquire the shown data. </p

The subjective loudness is plotted against the largest current on the array, averaged over 9 subjects.

<p>On the left (A) this is done for pair 5 and on the right (B) for pair 3.</p

Schematic representation of a small part of the pulse train of two electrodes during sMP (sequential) and pMP, CIC, pTP and PAC (paired) stimulation.

<p>During pTP and PAC stimulation more than two electrodes are used at the same time.</p

Clinical and biographical data on the subjects included in this study.

<p>Clinical and biographical data on the subjects included in this study.</p

The threshold of hearing at electrode number 9 for each stimulation strategy, normalized to the sMP stimulation strategy, for both pair 3 (dark grey) and pair 5 (light grey).

<p>The asterisk indicates a significant deviation from the sMP paradigm (p<0.01). A total of 8 subjects participated in this experiment. The whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum value, the boxes the upper and lower quartile and the filled circles are outliers.</p

Distinct fascicular pattern visible within 5 days.

<p>One day after seeding, fluorescent HFBSCs migrated under the quarter-turn explant and began migrating into the explant within the next day (2 days). Over time, more EF1α-copGFP HFBSCs settled in the explant (3 days) forming a distinct fascicular pattern after 5 days. Within the next two days the pattern enhanced as the number of HFBSCs within the explant increased.</p

Psychometric properties of the four domains of self-esteem.

<p>Psychometric properties of the four domains of self-esteem.</p

Low Empathy in Deaf and Hard of Hearing (Pre)Adolescents Compared to Normal Hearing Controls

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the level of empathy in deaf and hard of hearing (pre)adolescents compared to normal hearing controls and to define the influence of language and various hearing loss characteristics on the development of empathy.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study group (mean age 11.9 years) consisted of 122 deaf and hard of hearing children (52 children with cochlear implants and 70 children with conventional hearing aids) and 162 normal hearing children. The two groups were compared using self-reports, a parent-report and observation tasks to rate the children’s level of empathy, their attendance to others’ emotions, emotion recognition, and supportive behavior.</p><p>Results</p><p>Deaf and hard of hearing children reported lower levels of cognitive empathy and prosocial motivation than normal hearing children, regardless of their type of hearing device. The level of emotion recognition was equal in both groups. During observations, deaf and hard of hearing children showed more attention to the emotion evoking events but less supportive behavior compared to their normal hearing peers. Deaf and hard of hearing children attending mainstream education or using oral language show higher levels of cognitive empathy and prosocial motivation than deaf and hard of hearing children who use sign (supported) language or attend special education. However, they are still outperformed by normal hearing children.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Deaf and hard of hearing children, especially those in special education, show lower levels of empathy than normal hearing children, which can have consequences for initiating and maintaining relationships.</p></div

Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemistry (in alphabetical order).

<p>Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemistry (in alphabetical order).</p